Identifying the Stages of Workplace Violence

I was recently asked to speak at the Alabama SHRM Employment Law & Compliance Conference on the topic of violence in the workplace. A 2022 joint study by the Department of Justice Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and OSHA showed that while occurrences of workplace decreased 58% between 1994 and 2014, it is once again on the rise. And data published in February 2024 by Valentis, shows that 68% of workers feel unsafe at work. So what can employers do to ensure the safety of their people? 

First, it’s important to understand what workplace violence looks like. It’s much more than assaulting a co-worker or walking into a workplace with a firearm in hand. Research shows that there are five stages of violence in the workplace. 

Stage 1 – Anxiety: The employee shows signs of distress or agitation. This may be fidgeting, drumming their fingers, bouncing their knees, or even sweating. 

Stage 2 – Argumentative/Defensive: The employee becomes verbally hostile. This may include raising their voice, arguing with others or becoming defensive when addressed. It may include interrupting others and not allowing them to speak. 

Stage 3-4 – Verbally/Physically Threatening: In stages 3-4 the employee may begin with verbal threats. These may be very direct or veiled statements. From this the employee may move to physical threats, such as threatening physical harm or using physical movements as a form of intimidation (such as getting up into another employee’s face). 

Stage 5 – Assaultive: The employee physically touches another person with the intent to harm. Or the employee physically destroys company property (I once had an employee assault an MRI machine!). 

So how can employers use this information to protect against workplace violence? 

Safety starts at the top. Ensure your leaders are trained on what to look for and how to address behavior at each stage. And make sure that they are trained on safety plans, such as what to do if an assailant enters the building or an employee becomes physically aggressive. And then make sure that information is shared with all staff at least annually. Take reported concerns seriously and investigate them promptly. Too often employees see a failure to act on concerns from leadership and this leads to employees opting not to report concerns. 

How are you ensuring that your leaders and staff are trained to identify workplace violence risks and what to do if they witness concerning behavior?